Tuesday, September 21, 2010

Left Brain / Right Brain Bunk?



Willingham: Left/right brain theory is bunk


By Daniel Willingham
Washington Post

An article was published this week in the venerable (and reliable) psychology journal Psychological Bulletin, which synthesized 67 brain imaging studies of creativity. Among other things, it showed that creativity is not especially a right-brain function. In fact, two of three broad classes of creative thought that have been studied seem not to depend on a single set of brain structures.

What we call “creativity” is so diverse that it can’t be localized in the brain very well.

One might think that this study would put to rest at least part of the left brain/right brain mythology, namely, that the right hemisphere of the brain is more responsible for creative thought than the left.

One would think so, but I wouldn’t count on it.

In the usual mythology, the left hemisphere of the brain is logical, ordered, and analytic, and it supports reading, speech, math, and reasoning. The right hemisphere is more oriented towards feelings and emotions, spatial perception, and the arts, and is said to be more creative.

We have known for at least 30 years that this characterization is incorrect.

The language we find useful to discuss mental functions is, for the neuroscientist, a rather high level of description. That is, for a function like “reading” or “music” much of the brain gets into the act. Each is not supported by a single hemisphere.

For example, even a seemingly simple function like “learning a sequence” depends on numerous brain areas. In this brain imaging study some colleagues and I found that 14 brain areas contribute to the sequencing task we examined. “Sequential thought” is supposed to be a left brain function, but we observed five areas in the left hemisphere, five in the right, and four bilateral. (That is, the activity was in corresponding areas of both the left and right hemispheres.)

This doesn’t mean that the two hemispheres of the brain don’t sometimes (or often) do different things. It means that the language we find useful in talking about thinking is too coarse to capture these differences.

I say “sequencing” and that corresponds to 14 different brain areas! So thinking that we can identify an array of these tasks--logical thinking, language, math, and others--that all depend mostly on one hemisphere seems a little far-fetched. More to the point, we know it’s inaccurate.

Okay, inaccurate. But harmful?

Not always. Sometimes I hear hear the terms “left-brain thinkers” or “right brain thinkers” as a shorthand to describe people who are drawn to more logical, ordered ways of thinking, in contrast to more “artsy” types. It’s understood that there is not meant to be any scientific weight to the labels. They are just a convenience.

An astronomer may use the term “sunrise” without worrying that he’s being a bad scientist because he knows that the sun doesn’t really rise over the earth. It’s understood to be a figure of speech.

Unfortunately, left brain/right brain is sometimes taken more seriously.

This idea is used in education in two ways. Sometimes the left brain/right brain distinction is offered as an account of differences in ability, much as in the casual (and harmless) way I described.

But when offered as a more scientifically weighty theory, people start to call for school to be more right brain oriented.

Sometimes this call is pitched in terms of fairness; the right-brain kids seem to be at unfair disadvantage. Sometimes it’s pitched as common sense; we’re ignoring half of kid’s brains!

Other people treat the left brain/right brain distinction not as a distinction of abiity (what kids are good at) but as a learning style (how kids prefer to learn). Left-brain kids will understand a concept best by talking about it, for example, but right brain kids will want to draw a diagram.

Teachers might be urged to engage in whole-brain teaching by including different ways of understanding a concept that honor left brain and right brain differences.

In both cases, prescriptions are given greater weight because of the apparent neuroscientific basis of the recommendations. “Kids who have trouble with reading, math and science are at a disadvantage at school,” sounds obvious and unimpressive when compared to “right brain dominant children are at a disadvantage at school.”

But if the distinction as usually described is inaccurate, there is no scientific weight behind the prescriptions.

Still, I’m not counting on the latest article on creativity to quell enthusiasm for inaccurate left brain/right brain science.

Mike Gazzaniga, one of the pioneers of the modern study of brain hemispheric differences, tried to put a damper on the craziness in a book chapter titled “Left brain, right brain: A debunking.”

That was 25 years ago and there is still plenty of bunk.


127 comments:

  1. Someone once wanted to sketch me. I think it would have been accomplished if it had only taken 3 minutes and 25 seconds.

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  2. Afghan helicopter crash kills 9 Americans

    NBC News

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  3. Although, Hartmann doesn't refer to hunters and farmers as right and left brain thinkers its pretty much the same concept.

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  4. heh As a graduate student in things Melodious you may say more than even you know there. If the sketching was to catch more than a form, but character, might take most of the day. How to draw the inscrutable, put a five dimensional reality on a two dimensional plane?

    A guy came through Moscow when I was a kid, a couple of years. He did sketches of people, but also forest scenes. He was good, could knock of those beautiful forest scenes in less than a couple minutes. A young boy, he drew me out of myself, there on the summer sidewalk in beautiful downtown Moscow. I forgot myself as the forest seemed to create itself. I love blues and greens.

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  5. Memory hasn't been located, it seems spread across the brain, even to the organs. You get a heart lung transplant, you may end up feeling someone else's emotions. The brain doesn't create consciousness, it interfaces with it, transmits it, receives it. So I have read.

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  6. While in France the moderate Muslim leader is living and working under a death threat, again.

    A Islamic leader that while walking the walk, gets no credit amongst those that are so blinded by hate that they refuse to see.

    Armed guards have been assigned to the rector of the Grande Mosque of Paris, the prominent moderate Dalil Boubakeur, since Friday, because of a new threat, according to the mosque spokesman.

    The three guards are with him "morning, noon and evening," spokesman Slimane Nadour said Monday by telephone, adding: "We have no information on the nature of the threat."

    Similar armed protection was given to Boubakeur, who is of Algerian origin, in 1997 when death threats were issued, Nadour said. Those threats came in the form of fatwas, or Islamic judicial opinions, when Algeria was engulfed in a brutal Islamist insurgency that continues sporadically today.


    Dateline: Paris

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  7. The states are set forever, a human being passes through.

    paraphrasing Blake

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  8. I thought hunters and farmers, fishermen too, were no brainers.

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  9. I can't imagine the horror, the horror of receiving Quirk's heart and lungs.

    I'd be confused for months.

    :)

    A revealing question: if you had the choice whose heart and lungs would you want to receive?

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  10. On the subject, in this last book I read about consciousness, there was an experiment concerning white blood cells, which I was concerned with at the time.

    The experiment took white blood cells, in a solution of some kind, so's they keep on ticking, stuck 'em in a Faraday cage, didn't seem to matter how far away, say a mile, rigged it up with some kind of detecting gizmos, gizmoses, showed the subject some awful scenes of violence on the one hand, extremely suggestive erotic scenes on the other, and the white blood cells would react.

    Explain that, if you can.

    Horses can pick up on the fear or anxiety of the rider, too, according to Miss Marion C.

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  11. A revealing question: if you had the choice whose heart and lungs would you want to receive?

    Trust me, if it came to that, you would take any you could get and be grateful.

    .

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  12. Honestly, Q, at this point, I think I might well decline.

    Looks like it might rain. Hope it does, and keeps up today. I really don't want to go riding around in a pickup truck all day. I'd much rather just sit on my ass.

    My wife is intrigued by the idea of Swiss Suicide Tourism, under certain circumstances.

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  13. My wife is intrigued by the idea of Swiss Suicide Tourism, under certain circumstances.

    I assume in this case you would be paying the "singles premium" for the tour.


    .

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  14. My daughter sat for an artist in Philly it took around six hours. She went two or three times.

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  15. Bob: A revealing question: if you had the choice whose heart and lungs would you want to receive?

    Lance Armstrong, without the steroids.

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  16. Panama Ed: While in France the moderate Muslim leader is living and working under a death threat, again.

    Must be the hateful right-wing fundamentalist Christian bible and gun clingers in France who are making the threat, because Islam is a peaceful religion and no true Muslim has ever harmed another true Muslim.

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  17. Fee. By my troth, I care not; a man can die but once; we owe God a death. I’ll ne’er bear a base mind: an’t be my destiny, so; an’t be not, so. No man’s too good to serve’s prince; and let it go which way it will, he that dies this year is quit for the next.
    Bard. Well said; thou’rt a good fellow.


    and

    Ripeness is all

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  18. Shakespeare's heart and Roethke's lungs (but when I breathe with the birds, the spirit of wrath becomes the spirit of blessing), for me. A combo.

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  19. My daughter sat for an artist in Philly it took around six hours.

    Maybe the artist was just dragging the process out.

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  20. It'd be one one-way ticket, and one round-trip, Quirk.

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  21. Still.
    Dispassionate.
    Tranquil.

    It is unmoved by emotion
    devoid of motion
    fix’d as a star on the horizon
    unconcern’d, as the planets in their routes
    perpetual.

    Tranquil,
    as a bowl of water,
    held by reason
    circumscribed by composure
    absorbing all thought
    like yet another drop that,
    causing a ripple
    a perturbation of a moment
    subsides and is
    absorbed into the whole.

    [...]





    Okay. I just got up - and already pissed off my mother - and just want to say that that sounds pretty fucking inhuman.

    Or heavily medicated.

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  22. When I breathe with the birds, the spirit of wrath becomes the spirit of blessing, and the dead begin from their dark to sing in my sleep.

    What's dark to us is light to them.

    T.R. from faulty memory.

    He's up, we're goin', tata.

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  23. No, darlin' it is other Islamoids that threaten the moderate Muslms, here and abroad.

    While those that say that Islam is monolithic spread the hate, working hard to inflame the American people with disinformation and Al-Qaeda propaganda here amongst US.

    Doing Osama's work for him, here in North America.

    At the same doing a disservice to our military by undermining the policies and course that our government has charted.

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  24. ... just want to say that that sounds pretty fucking inhuman.

    You see Bob.

    One of the immutible laws, there will always be ctitics.

    It is sometimes difficult to maintain your equanimity.

    .

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  26. It'd be one one-way ticket, and one round-trip, Quirk.

    Sounds like true love.

    Young Love


    .

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  27. Trish, meeds are a good excuse don't sweat it.

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  28. "Trish, meeds are a good excuse don't sweat it."

    A good excuse for what?

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  29. For those disappointed by the economy, digruntled over the tenor of debate in the country, dissatisfied with out current political elites, or just a little grumpy when they get up in the morning,

    Keep Your Eyes On The Prize


    .

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  30. Looks like Bob went hunting, Rufus is out harvesting corn, and I'm heading to the doctor.

    Assignment for today, come up with a good topic for discussion later.


    .

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  31. Trish as usual I didn't read the whole thread and thought you were talking about how inhuman it was that you pissed off your mother so early in the morning. And that medication could have played a roll in it. But actually you were talking about Quirk.

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  33. "Trish as usual I didn't read the whole thread and thought you were talking about how inhuman it was that you pissed off your mother so early in the morning. And that medication could have played a roll in it. But actually you were talking about Quirk."

    She's not terribly pissed off. It takes a lot to piss off my mother.

    She really is a most remarkable woman.

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  34. Well, okay, that's not quite true. She's easily irritated.

    Not the same thing.

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  35. Had I meds, it would be a bucket of Valium.

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  36. One dose:

    "I do not care if they remove my head."

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  37. I can identify with that.

    I had four people in my kitchen causing chaos this morning while I was trying to get things ready for work. My daughter's boyfriend trying to grab a kiss from her while she was pushing him away because she was getting ready for school, my granddaughter, God love her, if she didn't say my name once she said in 53 times and my son whose sleeping habits are reversed and thought he was making dinner at 8 am. Talk about being irritated. Grrr…

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  38. That would do more than remove your head.

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  39. I forgot myself as the forest seemed to create itself. I love blues and greens.

    I sometimes (try to) imagine how your legal briefs would read had you lost the battle with your dad.

    You definitely have a special relationship with language.

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  40. "That would do more than remove your head."

    Daily dosage.

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  41. Maybe some therapy that always seems to help.

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  42. Also, it really irritates the piss out of me that the supposedly best computer around doesn't recognize Trish as being a correctly spelled word.

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  43. Um. We can talk here.

    I have been doing it for four years.

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  44. Is the husband back overseas?

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  45. Speaking of which.

    I got a call from home last night.

    I've spent how much time on my own over these past many years?

    I sympathize with loneliness.

    I do.

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  46. There's a huge difference between being the person who leaves, and the person who is left behind.

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  47. Oh, I don't know. At a couple of points in the past I've actually tallied it up over the course of our marriage.

    The thing is, he loves it. Maybe a little less so as he's gotten older.

    Years ago, I came to terms with that.

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  48. bob said...
    "blah, blah"
    Tue Sep 21, 09:22:00 AM EDT


    Doug says...

    Elvis lives.

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  49. This is why it's better to post at 3 AM.

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  50. Trish

    After midnight. If you're around, I'll buy you a drink.

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  51. Oh, I did see a white Mustang yesterday.

    It really is a good looking automobile.

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  52. I saw an ivory Ford Thunderbird.

    Convertible (beige ragtop).

    In a place that's not even on the map.

    Stunning.

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  53. I look at the Smart Cars and I get a little pull in my stomach - like I'm going to puke.

    Utility overtaking Form.

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  54. It looks like someone has been cleaning house.

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  55. Dear Management,

    Your housecleaning is a fine start...

    please complete it with the removal of Rat/ Panama Ed's post:


    Panama Ed said...
    Afghan helicopter crash kills 9 Americans

    NBC News


    and here:

    Panama Ed said...
    While in France the moderate Muslim leader is living and working under a death threat, again.

    A Islamic leader that while walking the walk, gets no credit amongst those that are so blinded by hate that they refuse to see.

    Armed guards have been assigned to the rector of the Grande Mosque of Paris, the prominent moderate Dalil Boubakeur, since Friday, because of a new threat, according to the mosque spokesman.

    The three guards are with him "morning, noon and evening," spokesman Slimane Nadour said Monday by telephone, adding: "We have no information on the nature of the threat."

    Similar armed protection was given to Boubakeur, who is of Algerian origin, in 1997 when death threats were issued, Nadour said. Those threats came in the form of fatwas, or Islamic judicial opinions, when Algeria was engulfed in a brutal Islamist insurgency that continues sporadically today.

    Dateline: Paris

    Tue Sep 21, 08:54:00 AM EDT

    and here:

    Panama Ed said...
    No, darlin' it is other Islamoids that threaten the moderate Muslms, here and abroad.

    While those that say that Islam is monolithic spread the hate, working hard to inflame the American people with disinformation and Al-Qaeda propaganda here amongst US.

    Doing Osama's work for him, here in North America.

    At the same doing a disservice to our military by undermining the policies and course that our government has charted.



    After all they are ALL WAY OFF TOPIC by a person that is not in any position to talk of those subjects on this THREAD


    KEEP CLEANING

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  56. I say attempt because I tend to get bored with things very quickly.

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  57. Oh and I must thank Deuce. Josh Holloway is much better eye candy then David Garrett.

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  58. Well, I for one ain't waiting till 3 am.

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  59. The truth really does bother you, doesn't it?

    If it were not for censorship, you'd never score a debating point.

    No intellectual honesty.
    Little wonder your friends have abandoned you.

    I know it is not genetic, so it must be your diet.

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  60. This comment has been removed by the author.

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  61. The topic of Islam not being a monolithic group certainly fits the thread. It exemplifies the fact that many folks have a learning disability.

    A lack of being able to see and understand reality through the false inputs brought on by the politicization of teaching through propaganda.

    The inability to see what is plain to everyone else, intellectual or mental blinders, brought on by unwavering religious convictions or political inclinations.

    Doubly observable when politics and religion are mixed together.

    A denial that historical facts are part of the driving forces of current events.

    The same things that drove the Carthaginians to invade Spain and Italy, drive the North Africans of today to follow that path.

    Same thing that has driven the Europeons to colonize the lands of others.
    Lust for power and wealth.



    In other words, many suffer from the bunk of misinformation.

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  62. I haven't abandoned WiO. It's you I get tired of.

    Why Thinking of Nothing Can Be Exhausting

    But not as exhausting as riding around, walking around, and shooting. Got two chukars, which is a sexual term for young women around here, of the bird variety--When disturbed, it prefers to run rather than fly, but if necessary it flies a short distance often down a slope on rounded wings, calling immediately after alighting--and one Hungarian partridge. Shot up a lot of ammo. Son has a nifty .22 auto pistol, a Browning. He tells me, he knows this stuff, you can get a silencer, no problem. Just some paperwork. So that's on my list. For some perverse reason I've always wanted a silencer.

    WiO, if we all stayed on topic, not much would be said by many of us, certainly by me. And--think of Melody! :)

    Not to mention nearly everybody else. Cepting maybe the Cleaning Lady.

    Doug said...

    bob said...
    "blah, blah"
    Tue Sep 21, 09:22:00 AM EDT


    Doug says...

    Elvis lives.


    Bob: Doug, are you ignorant, or just apathetic.

    Doug: I don't know, and I don't care.

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  63. Re: Quirk's Suggestions for Topics.

    1)Melody, so she'll be on topic.

    2) Quirk, so he'll be on topic.

    3) Me, so I'll be on topic.


    :)

    Boss Quirk, you notice the wiki entry, about 'em flying downhill? eh? And hanging out around their version of the outdoor Elephant Bar, the watercourse? Lazy suckers they are, except
    when fighting one another.
    Bobbo knows his chukars, of the bird variety.

    But we at Upland Game Bird Excursions are doing you a good job, sir.

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  64. Well, I for one ain't waiting till 3 am.

    That ain't right, it should be 'am not'.....an eastern city girl shouldn't pick up western slang.


    Joke told us by a Nez Perce chukar at the Quikstop by the Casino--it loses something in print--she's cute as hell--

    Man laid up kinda like Quirk asks his wife, who is going to the grocery store, to get him a carton of Kool 100's.

    In the store, wife notices the price, and buys some Buglar pouch tobacco and cigarette papers.

    What the hell, says the husband, when presented this, I don't like to roll my own.

    Think of the money we saved, says she.

    Weeks go by.

    Husband is going to the grocery store. Wife asks, darling, can you pick me up a box of Tampex?

    Smiling to himself he says Sure!!

    Back at home he gives his wife a big sack off cotton balls, and some string.

    Think of the money we saved, says he.



    She told it much better than I, with a naughty glint in her eyes.

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  65. "Whatever?"

    Yeah, I've given up on interpreting the meaning, if any, of anything here.

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  66. A whole crowd of Deucii!!

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  67. Back on the topic most important of all, myself, son and I decided we're going to Las Vegas next week. He does the driving, I buy the gas, motel rooms, and take the pictures. But first, Miss Marion C's class on Thursday. And I hope to get a picture of this remarkable specimen.

    Callanetics, bah. Try a six hour horse ride when you're nearing eighty.


    (you, actually, might be able to do it)

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  68. All those hats at the beginning reminded me of our Deuce, hat wise.

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  69. MeLoDy said...

    DR vs WiO


    heh :)

    Posted with the insight only a mother/grandmother can attain.

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  70. I took compassion on the chukars, Melody, I coulda shot 50 of 'em, with my deadly eye.

    But, like an Indian, I kill only what I can eat in a day.

    :)

    We were lucky to get two.

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  71. Oh, yeah, slipped my exhausted mind.....but you don't have any idea what you're missing, with chukars and grouse.

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  72. Oh farmer bob.

    Saute some green beans and mushrooms in olive oil and mix with fresh chopped tomatoes.

    Fine fresh summer salad doesn't get much better than that.

    Add some salmon or chicken and you have a full meal.

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  73. They sell rolling papers here at the supermarket.



    I went to a Foreigner concert long ago - high school - and someone came up to us and asked if we had any rolling papers.

    "Ah, no."

    We didn't know what they were.

    I also didn't know what that obnoxious smell was.

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  75. I can speak on green beans.

    Saute the long thin ones in olive oil with a little garlic, salt and pepper.

    Or cut the thicker ones into thirds and cook them slowly for a few hours with shallots and bacon.

    Or boil them for eight minutes, rinse, and cool. Toss with Italian tuna and red or yellow bell pepper and a standard vinagrette.

    Which, much to my shame, I apparently do not know how to spell.

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  76. I guess I'm thinking of the ones right out of the can into boiling water. heh, nothing fancy there. I like tomatoes, we've had truly great cantaloupes recently, I like lots off stuff with onions on, also radishes, but I can't stand cabbage, and I like garbanzo beans. And oh, by the way, we saw hundreds of acres of garbanzos, uncut. Only thing left out there. So we stopped and inspected a few. In the mouth, chewed sorta like gum. They are finished, and it's looking like rain tomorrow.

    I like Oscar's sardines in oil in the red can. And T-bone steaks, and all sorts of seafood, especially Dungeness crab.

    What high quality cooking is done around here is done by my wife. Except for the game birds.

    I'm good at Hungry Man TV dinners.

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  77. I'm copying those bean recipes down.

    I too love mushrooms. And blue berries and huckleberries.

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  78. "I guess I'm thinking of the ones right out of the can into boiling water."

    And you call yourself a farmer.

    No farmer I ever knew ever ate green beans out of a can.

    Ah, but if you're going to eat green beans out of a can...

    Get the French cut and simmer in a good pesto for 15 mins.

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  79. Asparagus.

    My grandparents grew it.

    I used to hate it.

    Then I discovered skinny asparagus.

    Four or five minutes over medium-high heat. A little lemon squeeze at the end.

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  80. Bobbo, I regret to tell you I will have depart the EB and possibly this plane of existance for a while.

    I must be gone before the Autumnal Equinox arrives tonight and likely will be gone until near the Winter Solstice at least.

    It's a special mission for Souls R Us and has possible tantric repercussions. Can't say anymore.

    Because of the nature of the mission and its dire implications I want to clean up something before I go.

    You now own 100% of Upland Game Bird Excursions. You are the genius behind the idea and deserve it. Someone from the brotherhood will deliver the paperwork. (Please don't embarrass me by screwing up the handshake again.)

    Say goodbye to everyone for me.

    .

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  81. Woodward quotes Petraeus as saying, "You have to recognize also that I don't think you win this war. I think you keep fighting.

    It's a little bit like Iraq, actually. . . . Yes, there has been enormous progress in Iraq.

    But there are still horrific attacks in Iraq, and you have to stay vigilant. You have to stay after it.


    Afghan War

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  83. Quirk, this is indeed troubling news. While I thank you for the gifting, I would much rather continue as we were, with you the boss and posting at EB.

    Dire implications, tantric repercussions, I don't like the sounds of that.

    May our secret force be with you.

    for a while

    and

    until near the Winter Solstice

    make it sound, thankfully, only temporary, but then you add

    at least

    Can you narrow it down a little?

    May I ask privately, has your wife kicked you out of the tree house?

    What about the dog?

    Perhaps you have just had too many meds and liquor tonight and are out of your mind.

    At any event, I will keep your stool warm, and you have a warm stool too, best wishes on your adventure and struggle with the dark side.

    I will sadly inform the people now.

    And I hope to see you by Christmas.

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  85. This comment has been removed by the author.

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  86. Dear Esteemed Bar Mates and Matesses--

    It is with true sadness and deep concern that I am compelled to inform you of the departure of our beloved comrade Quirk.

    The circumstances are mysterious even to myself, his only frienemy here.

    In his last communication with me, he seemed to hold out hope of a return around the time of the Winter Solstice.

    His exact words were: " gone until near the Winter Solstice at least."

    I intend to attend to his stool until his return, if such occurs. It will be appreciated if you will not use Quirk's stool. I have tipped it towards the bar in a gesture that signifies his only temporary absence , like I do at the Casino when taking a piss.



    I ask you to pray for Quirk's safe return.

    A moment of silence, please.

    Thank you,

    Bobbo (his most affectionate term for me)

    And now you may drink a toast to Quirk.

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  87. I think Quirk needs a vacation. Don't you, bob?

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  88. Well, he's evidently goin' on one, whether he wants to, or no.

    Though he makes it sound like it ain't exactly a vacation.

    He uses the phrase "I must be gone" which to my mind implies he don't have no choice in the matter.

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  89. It seems he's taken his last comments with him.

    What this signifies I do not know.

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  90. It's possible he was arrested for a DUI, and the sentence is still a little in limbo.

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  91. "He uses the phrase 'I must be gone'..."

    Well, a man's gotta do what a man's gotta do.

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  92. Particularly if you're in handcuffs.

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  93. It could, too, be a ruse, another in a long line of pitches for sympathy.

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  94. It's kinda liberating for me.

    Now I own my own company, I don't have to kowtow to the old bastard any longer.

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  95. Could be.

    I personally am troubled by the misspelling of 'existence' and by "he don't have no choice in the matter."

    C'mon, people.

    Clean it up.

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  96. With Quirk gone, lacking that target, you immediately turn your pedantic sights on me.

    But Emerson said, give it up, we ain't gonna teach these boys Latin.

    g'nite, I'm beat.






    .

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  97. OK, I'll clean it up.

    Quirk, I'd like trading a few e-mails with you. You could get mine from the management, if you like.

    bobbo

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  98. I have a hair appointment in a few hours.

    I will have a severe hangover.

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  99. I'm steeling that bar stool and hiding it. He he he... and when he gets back he'll have to search for it for a really long time.

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  100. And you're willing to commit felony murder over Quirk's stool?

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  101. Well I can't do anything for this place.

    I'm all out of tantric solvent. That's a special order.

    All I've got are some random coven oaths and a few nail extenders - samplers from the Delaware Branch.

    I don't even have any Get Out of Jail Free cards. Used 'em all up on somebody I won't say who.

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  102. By the way, forgot to say thanks for the female eye candy. So quick to snipe at the legs-boobs diversions so THANK YOU. Looks like Jesus.


    I may have some tantrum talc around here someplace but I'm pretty sure I used it all up.

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